A Comprehensive Guide to OOP Concepts
Object Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects," which can contain data in the form of fields (attributes or properties) and code in the form of procedures (methods or functions).
Rather than viewing programs as sequences of instructions, OOP organizes code around objects that combine data and operations.
Binary code (0s and 1s) directly instructing processors. Extremely difficult and hardware-specific.
Introduced mnemonics (ADD, MOV, JMP) making programming slightly more accessible.
High-level languages (FORTRAN, C) with variables, control structures, and functions.
Emerged to address complexity through objects mirroring real-world entities.
First OOP language introducing classes, objects, inheritance, and dynamic binding.
First pure OOP language where everything is an object. Introduced message passing and GUIs.
Extended C with OOP features, combining efficiency with object-oriented capabilities.
"Write Once, Run Anywhere" philosophy with platform independence through JVM.
Languages like Kotlin, Swift, and Rust combining OOP with functional programming.
| Aspect | Procedural | Object Oriented |
|---|---|---|
| Approach | Function-oriented | Object-oriented |
| Data Security | Less secure, global data | More secure through encapsulation |
| Code Reusability | Limited, through functions | High, through inheritance |
| Real-world Modeling | Difficult | Easy, natural representation |
| Maintenance | Difficult for large programs | Easier through modularity |
| Examples | C, Pascal, FORTRAN | Java, C++, Python, C# |
Bundling data and methods together, restricting direct access to protect data integrity.
Creating new classes based on existing classes to promote code reuse and hierarchy.
The ability of objects to take many forms and behave differently in different contexts.
Hiding complex implementation details and showing only essential features.
Bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data, and restricting direct access to some of the object's components.
A television remote control lets you press buttons (public interface) without needing to know about internal circuitry or infrared signals (hidden implementation).
Prevents unauthorized access and modification through controlled interfaces.
Getters and setters can include validation logic to ensure data integrity.
Internal implementation can change without affecting external code.
Better code organization and reduced complexity.
The process by which one class acquires the properties and methods of another class, creating a parent-child relationship.
Biological classification: A Dog is a Mammal, which is an Animal. Dogs inherit characteristics from both while having unique traits like barking.
The capability of a method to do different things based on the object it is acting upon, allowing the same interface for different underlying forms.
A smartphone button press does different things depending on the app: takes photos in camera, plays music in music app, performs game actions.
The concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features of an object to the user.
Driving a car: You use steering wheel and pedals (abstract interface) without understanding the engine or transmission (hidden implementation).
Protects data by bundling with methods and controlling access
Creates new classes based on existing ones, promoting reuse
Enables objects to take multiple forms and behave differently
Simplifies complex systems by hiding unnecessary details
These principles complement each other to create maintainable, scalable, and robust software that effectively models real-world scenarios.